Dermatan Sulfate: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Biological Roles.

Dermatan sulfate (DS) is a remarkably versatile glycosaminoglycan that plays critical roles across a wide array of biological processes. Its unique structure, characterized by repeating disaccharide units of -acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) and Iduronic acid (IdoA) with variable sulfation patterns, enables it to interact with numerous biomolecules. These interactions mediate diverse functions, including the organization of the extracellular matrix, promotion of wound healing, and modulation of cancer progression. Despite its broad biological relevance, deciphering DS function remains challenging due to its pronounced structural complexity and heterogeneity. Variations in chain length, disaccharide composition, and sulfation patterns make it difficult to fully characterize DS's intricate structure-function relationships. In this review, recent developments in biosynthesis, preparation, and applications of DS are summarized.