Drewnowski Adam, Gazan Rozenn, Maillot Matthieu
Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
MS-Nutrition, 27 bld Jean Moulin Faculté de Médecine la Timone, Laboratoire C2VN, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
Nutrients. 2025 Aug 19;17(16):2674. doi: 10.3390/nu17162674.
: Grain foods are important sources of complex carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. : To identify healthy grain foods and to assess their associations with composite diet quality measures and selected health outcomes. : Healthy grain foods were identified using two methods. The first one, Carbohydrate Food Quality Score (CFQS-3) was based on whole grains, fiber, and added sugar. The second, NRF9.3g score for grains, balanced nutrients to encourage (protein, fiber, vitamins B1, B2, B3, and E, folate, iron, and magnesium) against added sugar, sodium, and saturated fat. Nutrient composition data for 1244 grain foods came from the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS 2017-2023). Dietary intakes came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES 2017-2023). The Healthy Eating Index (HEI 2020) and the diet-level Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF) were the two measures of diet quality. National food prices came from the USDA 2021 Thrifty Food Plan. Data on body weight, waist circumference, insulin, and cholesterol came from NHANES clinical files. : Healthy grain foods were those that scored >2 points on CFQS-3 or were in the top tertile of NRF9.3g scores. The CFQS-3 score favored cooked whole grains and cereals and savory snacks. The NRF9.3g score gave the highest ratings to breads, rolls, and RTE cereals. Consumers of healthy grains identified using both methods had higher HEI 2020 values and higher diet-level NRF scores. Both effects were dose-dependent. Consumption of healthy grains was associated with lower obesity rates and lower fasting insulin levels. : Consumption of healthy grain foods was associated with healthier diets and lower obesity prevalence. Dietary guidelines need to acknowledge the contribution of healthy grain foods to diet quality and health.
谷物食品是复合碳水化合物、纤维、维生素和矿物质的重要来源。
目的是识别健康谷物食品，并评估它们与综合饮食质量指标及选定健康结果之间的关联。
使用两种方法识别健康谷物食品。第一种方法，碳水化合物食品质量评分（CFQS-3）基于全谷物、纤维和添加糖。第二种方法，谷物的NRF9.3g评分，平衡了有益营养成分（蛋白质、纤维、维生素B1、B2、B3和E、叶酸、铁和镁）与添加糖、钠和饱和脂肪的比例。1244种谷物食品的营养成分数据来自美国农业部膳食研究食品和营养数据库（FNDDS 2017 - 2023）。饮食摄入量数据来自国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES 2017 - 2023）。健康饮食指数（HEI 2020）和饮食水平的营养丰富食品指数（NRF）是饮食质量的两项衡量指标。国家食品价格来自美国农业部2021年节俭食品计划。体重、腰围、胰岛素和胆固醇数据来自NHANES临床档案。
健康谷物食品是指CFQS-3评分大于2分或处于NRF9.3g评分前三分之一的食品。CFQS-3评分更青睐煮熟的全谷物、谷物和咸味零食。NRF9.3g评分对面包、面包卷和即食谷物的评价最高。通过两种方法识别出的健康谷物消费者具有更高的HEI 2020值和更高的饮食水平NRF评分。这两种影响都是剂量依赖性的。食用健康谷物与较低的肥胖率和较低的空腹胰岛素水平相关。
食用健康谷物食品与更健康的饮食和较低的肥胖患病率相关。膳食指南需要认可健康谷物食品对饮食质量和健康的贡献。
