Rechsteiner Cheyenne, Morandini Francesco, Kim Sei Joong, Seluanov Andrei, Gorbunova Vera
Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Nat Aging. 2025 Aug 28. doi: 10.1038/s43587-025-00945-8.
The comparative biology of aging leverages the remarkable diversity in aging rates and lifespans across species to uncover naturally evolved adaptations that promote longevity, disease resistance and injury resilience. The beauty of comparative biology is that it discovers adaptations that evolved outside of the protected laboratory environment, shaped by natural selection under real-world pressures. In this Review, we outline key approaches in comparative biology of aging studies, including the study of public mechanisms, which are shared between species, and private mechanisms, which are species-specific. Additionally, we present insights gained through high-throughput omics technologies-including genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics-and illustrate how these findings advance our understanding of how to ameliorate the hallmarks of aging, enhance cancer resistance and improve regeneration, with a focus on mammals. Finally, we offer practical guidance for designing and interpreting comparative studies aimed at understanding and translating longevity mechanisms.
衰老的比较生物学利用了物种间衰老速率和寿命的显著差异，以揭示自然进化出的促进长寿、抗病能力和损伤恢复力的适应性变化。比较生物学的美妙之处在于，它发现的适应性变化是在受保护的实验室环境之外进化而来的，是由现实世界压力下的自然选择塑造的。在本综述中，我们概述了衰老比较生物学研究中的关键方法，包括对物种间共享的公共机制和物种特异性的私有机制的研究。此外，我们展示了通过高通量组学技术（包括基因组学、转录组学、表观基因组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学）获得的见解，并举例说明这些发现如何推进我们对如何改善衰老特征、增强抗癌能力和促进再生的理解，重点是哺乳动物。最后，我们为设计和解释旨在理解和转化长寿机制的比较研究提供实用指导。
