Washington Tyrone A, Schrems Eleanor R
Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2025;1478:185-212. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-88361-3_9.
Skeletal muscle is an extremely plastic tissue that can respond to a variety of insults. If the insult is sufficient, it may reduce damage to the skeletal muscle. Damage to skeletal muscle is associated with an inflammatory response. This inflammatory response is required for optimal regeneration. There are several models used to induce damage to skeletal muscle from eccentric muscle actions to myotoxin injections. While the method of inducing damage may vary the inflammatory response is similar. Upon damage, circulating immune cells are activated and infiltrate the tissue. The first to arrive is the neutrophil followed by the macrophage. The neutrophil clears debris and releases pro-inflammatory signals which facilitate the recruitment of macrophages. Macrophages are recruited and begin as pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) continuing to facilitate the clearance of debris before macrophage polarization occurs in which they become anti-inflammatory macrophage (M2). The anti-inflammatory macrophages facilitate the myogenic response critical for optimal regeneration. Disruptions to the inflammatory response will directly affect the ability of the skeletal muscle to recover from injury.
骨骼肌是一种极具可塑性的组织，能够对多种损伤做出反应。如果损伤足够严重，可能会减少对骨骼肌的损害。骨骼肌损伤与炎症反应相关。这种炎症反应对于最佳再生是必需的。有几种模型可用于诱导骨骼肌损伤，从离心肌肉动作到肌毒素注射。虽然诱导损伤的方法可能不同，但炎症反应相似。损伤后，循环免疫细胞被激活并浸润组织。最先到达的是中性粒细胞，随后是巨噬细胞。中性粒细胞清除碎片并释放促炎信号，这有助于巨噬细胞的募集。巨噬细胞被募集并开始作为促炎巨噬细胞（M1），在巨噬细胞极化成为抗炎巨噬细胞（M2）之前，继续促进碎片的清除。抗炎巨噬细胞促进对最佳再生至关重要的生肌反应。炎症反应的破坏将直接影响骨骼肌从损伤中恢复的能力。
