靶向胰岛素调节氨肽酶(IRAP)的新型大环肽模拟物:设计、合成与评价

Novel macrocyclic peptidomimetics targeting the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP): design, synthesis and evaluation.

作者信息

Olaniran Håkansson Esther, Balestri Lorenzo J I, Puthiyaparambath Sharathna, Moes Sebastian, Henschel Henning, Sköld Christian, Hallberg Mathias, Larhed Mats, Skillinghaug Bobo, Odell Luke R

机构信息

Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC Uppsala University P.O. Box 574 SE-751 23 Uppsala Sweden

The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University P.O. Box 591 SE-751 24 Uppsala Sweden.

出版信息

RSC Med Chem. 2025 Aug 6. doi: 10.1039/d5md00438a.

Abstract

Inhibition of the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, due to its role in cognitive processes. HA08, a macrocyclic peptidomimetic derived from angiotensin IV, is among the most potent known IRAP inhibitors (IC = 18 nM). However, detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies at its C-terminus have been limited by synthetic constraints. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a focused series of HA08 analogues to explore the impact of C-terminal modifications on IRAP inhibition. An improved divergent synthetic route was established a common macrocyclic intermediate, enabling late-stage diversification through coupling with non-natural amino acids which led to the synthesis of twelve novel peptidomimetic scaffolds. Several analogues retained high potency, with one-carbon elongation next to the carboxylic acid moiety or secondary amine being well tolerated. In contrast, aliphatic analogues exhibited markedly reduced potency, highlighting the importance of π-π interactions, while the low activity of phenoxyacetic acid derivatives likely reflects altered geometry within the binding pocket. The most potent inhibitor in the series featured a C-terminal benzyl alcohol (IC = 59 nM), approaching the activity of HA08. To rationalise these SAR trends, molecular dynamics simulations were performed based on the IRAP-HA08 co-crystal structure. Partial least squares analysis of protein-ligand contact patterns revealed that sustained interactions between the C-terminal carboxylate and Arg929 correlated with lower potency, whereas interaction with Arg439 was associated with enhanced activity. These findings suggest that subtle shifts in C-terminal positioning influence binding mode and potency and provides valuable insights for the design of future IRAP inhibitors.

摘要

抑制胰岛素调节氨肽酶(IRAP)是治疗诸如阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性疾病的一种有前景的治疗策略,因为它在认知过程中发挥作用。HA08是一种源自血管紧张素IV的大环肽模拟物,是已知最有效的IRAP抑制剂之一(IC = 18 nM)。然而,对其C端的详细构效关系(SAR)研究受到合成限制。在此,我们报告了一系列聚焦的HA08类似物的设计、合成及生物学评价,以探索C端修饰对IRAP抑制的影响。建立了一种改进的发散合成路线——一种常见的大环中间体,通过与非天然氨基酸偶联实现后期多样化,从而合成了12种新型肽模拟支架。几种类似物保持了高效力,羧酸部分或仲胺旁边的单碳延长具有良好耐受性。相比之下,脂肪族类似物的效力显著降低,突出了π-π相互作用的重要性,而苯氧乙酸衍生物的低活性可能反映了结合口袋内几何形状的改变。该系列中最有效的抑制剂具有C端苄醇(IC = 59 nM),接近HA-08的活性。为了合理化这些SAR趋势,基于IRAP-HA08共晶体结构进行了分子动力学模拟。对蛋白质-配体接触模式的偏最小二乘分析表明,C端羧酸盐与Arg929之间的持续相互作用与较低效力相关,而与Arg(439)的相互作用与增强的活性相关。这些发现表明,C端定位的细微变化会影响结合模式和效力,并为未来IRAP抑制剂的设计提供了有价值的见解。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/89bf/12378631/76a81463c925/d5md00438a-f1.jpg

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