Demirel Bayik Gülçin, Baykal Busenur
Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit Universitesi, Zonguldak, Turkey.
R Soc Open Sci. 2025 Aug 27;12(8):250402. doi: 10.1098/rsos.250402. eCollection 2025 Aug.
This study presents an optimization of the sustainable synthesis of silver particles (AgPs) derived from hazelnut leaves employing a full factorial design. Four synthesis parameters were systematically evaluated at two levels: the water-to-leaf ratio (LW), extract-to-AgNO₃ ratio (EAg), AgNO₃ molarity (Mol), and plant leaf size (LS). Statistical analysis revealed that LW and the interaction between EAg and Mol are significant factors influencing the synthesis yield of AgPs. In contrast, Mol, LS and the EAg × Mol interaction were determined to be the key factors affecting the efficiency of dye degradation. The optimized AgPs demonstrated enhanced degradation kinetics, following a pseudo-second-order model ( = 67 × 10⁻³ mg g⁻¹ min⁻¹, ² = 0.99) and fitting well with Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics ( = 5.9 min⁻¹, ² = 0.88). Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and particle size analysis confirmed that AgPs optimized for dye degradation possessed smaller particle sizes and larger surface areas (0.201 m² g versus 0.113 m² g), which contributed to improved catalytic performance. EDX analysis revealed a higher carbon and oxygen content in these AgPs, indicating the presence of surface functional groups that promote adsorption. Although the overall degradation efficiency of AgPs was slightly lower than that of certain other nanoparticle systems, their kinetic performance was comparable. This study emphasizes the critical role of synthesis optimization in enhancing catalytic activity and highlights AgPs as a promising eco-friendly catalyst for wastewater treatment applications.
本研究采用全因子设计，对从榛树叶中可持续合成银颗粒（AgPs）的方法进行了优化。在两个水平上系统评估了四个合成参数：水与叶的比例（LW）、提取物与硝酸银的比例（EAg）、硝酸银摩尔浓度（Mol）和植物叶片大小（LS）。统计分析表明，LW以及EAg和Mol之间的相互作用是影响AgPs合成产率的重要因素。相比之下，Mol、LS以及EAg×Mol相互作用被确定为影响染料降解效率的关键因素。优化后的AgPs表现出增强的降解动力学，遵循伪二级模型（k = 67×10⁻³ mg g⁻¹ min⁻¹，R² = 0.99），并与Langmuir - Hinshelwood动力学拟合良好（k = 5.9 min⁻¹，R² = 0.88）。扫描电子显微镜结合能量色散X射线（EDX）分析和粒度分析证实，针对染料降解优化的AgPs具有更小的粒径和更大的表面积（0.201 m² g对0.113 m² g），这有助于提高催化性能。EDX分析表明这些AgPs中碳和氧含量较高，表明存在促进吸附的表面官能团。尽管AgPs的整体降解效率略低于某些其他纳米颗粒系统，但其动力学性能相当。本研究强调了合成优化在提高催化活性方面的关键作用，并突出了AgPs作为一种有前景的用于废水处理应用的环保催化剂。
