Exploring the relationship between daytime and nighttime mobility and park visitation: A case study of Austin, TX.

Urban green space disparities persist amid rapid urbanization, widening the supply-demand gap between parks and developed area. Population density is a critical determinant in estimating park visitors, defining suitable park locations, and allocating facilities for park accessibility. Conventionally, population density data were used as a foundational basis for urban green space planning decisions, often derived from sources like the US Census Bureau, primarily reflecting "nighttime residential" distribution. However, this approach fails to capture the dynamic urban life where daily routines and mobility significantly shape park usage. This study bridges this gap by exploring the relationship between daytime and nighttime mobility patterns and their influence on park visitations across diverse park types during weekdays, using Austin, TX as study area. Methodologically, we employ a fixed effects regression analysis integrating longitudinal data from SafeGraph for park visitation and LandScan USA for daytime-to-nighttime population density ratios, within 1 km buffers around each park. Control variables encompass socio-economic factors at the block group scale, park attributes, and weather conditions. Findings suggest that neighborhood and pocket parks demonstrate positive associations with daytime population density, while district and metropolitan parks exhibit stronger ties with nighttime population density. Further, median age, unemployment rate, and higher education attainment exhibit positive correlations with park visitation, especially during daytime. Park amenities, especially playgrounds and water features, significantly contribute to increased visitation across all park types. The findings offer valuable guidance for policymakers and urban planners, informing the reimagining of park distribution strategies, optimizing facilities, and fostering inclusive park spaces accessibility.