Studies of 6-fluoropyridoxal and 6-fluoropyridoxamine 5'-phosphates in cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase.

The chemical and spectroscopic properties of 6-fluoropyridoxal 5'-phosphate, of its Schiff base with valine, and of 6-fluoropyridoxamine 5'-phosphate have been investigated. The modified coenzymes have also been combined with the apo form of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase, and the properties of the resulting enzymes and of their complexes with substrates and inhibitors have been recorded. Although the presence of the 6-fluoro substituent reduces the basicity of the ring nitrogen over 10 000-fold, the modified coenzymes bind predominately in their dipolar ionic ring forms as do the natural coenzymes. Enzyme containing the modified coenzymes binds substrates and dicarboxylate inhibitors normally and has about 42% of the catalytic activity of the native enzyme. The fluorine nucleus provides a convenient NMR probe that is sensitive to changes in the state of protonation of both the ring nitrogen and the imine or the -OH group of free enzyme and of complexes with substrates or inhibitors. The NMR measurements show that the ring nitrogen of bound 6-fluoropyridoxamine phosphate is protonated at pH 7 or below but becomes deprotonated at high pH around a pKa of 8.2. The bound 6-fluoropyridoxal phosphate, which exists as a Schiff base with a dipolar ionic ring at high pH, becomes protonated with a pKa of approximately 7.1, corresponding to the pKa of approximately 6.4 in the native enzyme. Below this pKa a single 19F resonance is seen, but there are two light absorption bands corresponding to ketoenamine and enolimine tautomers of the Schiff base. The tautomeric ratio is altered markedly upon binding of dicarboxylate inhibitors. From the chemical shift values, we conclude that during the rapid tautomerization a proton is synchronously moved from the ring nitrogen (in the ketoenamine) onto the aspartate-222 carboxylate (in the enolimine). The possible implications for catalysis are discussed.