Bruins Hendrik J, van der Plicht Johannes
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research (SIDEER), Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
University of Groningen, Centre for Isotope Research, Groningen, the Netherlands.
PLoS One. 2025 Sep 10;20(9):e0330702. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0330702. eCollection 2025.
The huge volcanic eruption at Thera (Santorini), situated in the Aegean Sea, occurred within the Late Minoan IA archaeological period. However, its temporal association with Egyptian history has long been a controversial subject. Traditionally, the eruption was placed in the early 18th Dynasty, associated with Pharaoh Thutmose III as the youngest option or with Pharaoh Nebpehtire Ahmose as the oldest possibility. We investigated museum objects from the 17th and early 18th Dynasty, at the transition from the Second Intermediate Period to the New Kingdom, a period hardly studied with radiocarbon dating. Our research facilitated the first-ever direct radiocarbon time comparison between this Dynastic transition period and the Minoan Thera eruption. Detailed results are presented of a mudbrick from the Ahmose Temple at Abydos (British Museum), a linen burial cloth associated with Satdjehuty (British Museum), and wooden stick shabtis from Thebes (Petrie Museum), evaluated within a comprehensive context of historical Egyptian chronology options. Since the above items cannot be arranged in a stratigraphic sequence, Bayesian analysis could not be used. We adopted an alternative strategy within radiocarbon time space. Comparing our uncalibrated dates of 17th and early 18th Dynasty objects with a robust series of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the Minoan Thera eruption, it becomes clear that the two data sets have a different time signature. The Minoan eruption is older than the reign of Nebpehtire Ahmose, the first king of the 18th Dynasty, who reunited Upper and Lower Egypt. Our calibrated results support a low chronology for his reign and the beginning of the New Kingdom. Previous radiocarbon dates of king Senusert III support a high chronology for the Middle Kingdom. Therefore, the Second Intermediate Period, sandwiched in between these united Egyptian Kingdoms, embodies a significant time interval, as also indicated by Bennett's genealogical studies of the El-Kab governors.
位于爱琴海中的锡拉岛（圣托里尼岛）曾发生过巨大的火山喷发，此次喷发发生在米诺斯文明晚期IA考古时期。然而，它与埃及历史在时间上的关联长期以来一直是个有争议的话题。传统上，这次火山喷发被定在第18王朝早期，最年轻的推测是与法老图特摩斯三世有关，最古老的可能性则是与法老内布佩赫蒂尔·雅赫摩斯有关。我们研究了从第二中间期到新王国过渡时期（这一时期很少用放射性碳定年法进行研究）的第17王朝和第18王朝早期的博物馆文物。我们的研究促成了这一王朝过渡时期与米诺斯锡拉岛火山喷发之间首次直接的放射性碳时间对比。本文详细介绍了来自阿拜多斯的雅赫摩斯神庙的一块泥砖（大英博物馆）、与萨特杰胡蒂有关的一块亚麻裹尸布（大英博物馆）以及来自底比斯的木质俑（皮特里博物馆）的研究结果，这些研究是在埃及历史年代学多种选择的综合背景下进行评估的。由于上述物品无法按地层顺序排列，因此无法使用贝叶斯分析。我们在放射性碳时间空间内采用了另一种策略。将我们测定的第17王朝和第18王朝早期物品的未校准年代与一系列可靠的米诺斯锡拉岛火山喷发未校准放射性碳年代进行比较后发现，这两组数据集有不同的时间特征。米诺斯火山喷发比第18王朝的首位国王内布佩赫蒂尔·雅赫摩斯（他重新统一了上下埃及）的统治时间更早。我们的校准结果支持他统治时期以及新王国开始时采用较低的年代顺序。此前测定的塞努塞特三世国王的放射性碳年代支持中王国采用较高的年代顺序。因此，夹在这些统一的埃及王国之间 的第二中间期体现了一个重要的时间间隔，贝内特对埃尔卡布地方长官的谱系研究也表明了这一点。
