自由泳大师赛：世界游泳锦标赛中的国籍、性别与成绩趋势（1986 - 2024年）

Freestyle master's swimming: Nationality, sex, and performance trends in World Aquatics competitions (1986-2024).

作者信息

Ahmad Wais, Wilhelm Matthias, Moreitz Sascha, Andrade Marilia Santos, Forte Pedro, Stanula Arkadiusz, Nikolaidis Pantelis T, Cuk Ivan, Thuany Mabliny, Weiss Katja, Rosemann Thomas, Hill Lee, Seffrin Aldo, Knechtle Beat

机构信息

Centre for Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Department of Radiology, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland.

出版信息

PLoS One. 2025 Sep 10;20(9):e0332040. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0332040. eCollection 2025.

DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0332040

PMID:40929232

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12422501/

Abstract

BACKGROUND

In sports science, freestyle swimming has been thoroughly studied for particular performance-related factors. Nonetheless, it is unknown what countries the top freestyle swimmers are from, especially not for age group swimmers. In addition, the existing research on the performance of master freestyle swimmers has yet to confirm that male swimmers achieve faster times than their female counterparts across all age groups and distances. The current study looked into the nationalities and sexes of the top freestyle swimmers in each age group in World Aquatics competitions for the 50m, 100m, 200m, 400m, and 800m events from 1986 to 2024.

METHODS

The data (derived from (www.worldaquatics.com/masters/archives/masters-archives) were presented using mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values, and/or confidence intervals. The year of competition, age, age group, stroke, distance, and first and last names of each swimmer were noted. The nations were then divided into six groups: one group comprising all other countries and the top five nations with the greatest number of appearances in the top 10 fastest freestyle swimming times by distance each year.

RESULTS

In freestyle swimming, most swimmers (30.6%) competed in the 50m event (n = 25,094, 10,909 female and 14,185 male), followed by the 100m event (25.6%, n = 20,961, 8,796 female and 12,165 male), the 200m event (17.4%, n = 14,309, 6,729 female and 7,580 male), the 400m event (13.4%, n = 10,956, 5,363 female and 5,593 male), and the 800m event (12.6%, n = 10,317, 5,179 female and 5,138 male). The results from the generalized linear models indicate that sex, age group, and the interaction between sex and age group all had significant effects on the 50m, 100m, 200m, 400m, and 800m races. Specifically, for the 50m races, the effect of sex was significant (x2 (1) = 3451.941, p < 0.001), as was the effect of age group (χ2 (13) = 19,295.169, p < 0.001), and the interaction between sex and age group (χ 2 (13) = 654.671, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The USA demonstrates quantitative dominance by contributing the greatest number of top 10 performers. Additionally, the study highlights significant sex-based performance differences, with males generally outperforming females in all age categories. This study comprehensively analyzes the performance trends observed in freestyle master swimming for nearly four decades.

摘要

背景

在体育科学领域，自由泳已针对特定的与成绩相关的因素进行了深入研究。然而，顶尖自由泳运动员来自哪些国家尚不清楚，尤其是年龄组游泳运动员的情况。此外，现有关于成年自由泳运动员成绩的研究尚未证实，在所有年龄组和距离项目中，男性运动员的成绩都比女性运动员快。本研究调查了1986年至2024年世界游泳锦标赛50米、100米、200米、400米和800米自由泳项目各年龄组顶尖运动员的国籍和性别。

方法

数据（源自www.worldaquatics.com/masters/archives/masters-archives）采用均值、标准差、最大值和最小值以及/或者置信区间进行呈现。记录了比赛年份、年龄、年龄组、泳姿、距离以及每位运动员的姓名。然后将各国分为六组：一组包括所有其他国家，另一组包括每年在各距离自由泳最快成绩排名前十中出现次数最多的五个国家。

结果

在自由泳项目中，大多数运动员（30.6%）参加50米项目（n = 25,094，女性10,909人，男性14,185人），其次是100米项目（25.6%，n = 20,961，女性8,796人，男性12,165人），200米项目（17.4%，n = 14,309，女性6,729人，男性7,580人），400米项目（13.4%，n = 10,956，女性5,363人，男性5,593人），以及800米项目（12.6%，n = 10,317，女性5,179人，男性5,138人）。广义线性模型的结果表明，性别、年龄组以及性别与年龄组之间的交互作用对50米、100米、200米、400米和800米比赛均有显著影响。具体而言，对于50米比赛，性别影响显著（χ2(1) = 3451.941，p < 0.001），年龄组影响也显著（χ2(13) = 19,295.169，p < 0.001），性别与年龄组之间的交互作用同样显著（χ2(13) = 654.671，p < 0.001）。