A review of treatment research for self-injurious and stereotyped responding.

A review of current research in the treatment of self-injurious and stereotyped behaviour is made using rule-out criteria for methodologically inadequate studies and meta-analytic procedures. It was found that profoundly mentally retarded persons between 16 years of age and over are the most likely to be effectively treated. Sex of the subject seemed to have no effect, while the level of mental retardation and the degree to which it was a factor in treatment effectiveness was unclear. The behaviour most frequently treated were head hitting and body rocking. It may also be the case that reinforcement is more effective than frequently believed when compared to punishment. The greatest effectiveness was apparent with DRO, lemon juice therapy, time-out, air splints, and DRO plus overcorrection. The implications of these data for clinicians and future research are discussed.