Parichanon Prangthip, Ascrizzi Roberta, Flamini Guido, Pieracci Ylenia, Echeverría Maria Cristina, Ortega-Andrade Sania, Conti Barbara
Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Molecules. 2025 Sep 5;30(17):3627. doi: 10.3390/molecules30173627.
The integration of essential oils (EOs) with biological control agents offers a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides, though compatibility remains unclear. This study evaluated nutmeg (, NM), cinnamon (, CIN), and clove (, CL) specifically on and . Olfactory and behavioral responses to whole EOs and major constituents (myristicin, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol) were analyzed using the area preference method (APM) and two-choice behavioral bioassay (TCB), with confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In , APM showed attraction to all three EOs (PI = 0.14 to 0.56). A paradox emerged, however, as single constituents were mostly repellent (eugenol: PI = -0.58 to -0.70; cinnamaldehyde: PI shifted from 0.16 to -0.20), underscoring the complexity of EO mixtures where multiple compounds act jointly rather than individually. In contrast, strongly avoided CL and CIN in TCB, with fewer than 30% of parasitoids choosing the EO-treated side (χ test, < 0.05). CIN therefore demonstrated selective potential, simultaneously attracting while repelling . These findings highlight the dual role of EOs as botanical pest control tools, while stressing the need to consider non-target effects before practical application.
将精油（EOs）与生物防治剂相结合为合成农药提供了一种有前景的替代方案，不过其兼容性仍不明确。本研究特别评估了肉豆蔻（NM）、肉桂（CIN）和丁香（CL）对[具体对象1]和[具体对象2]的影响。使用区域偏好法（APM）和双选行为生物测定法（TCB）分析了对全精油及其主要成分（肉豆蔻醚、肉桂醛、丁香酚）的嗅觉和行为反应，并通过气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GC - MS）进行了确认。在[具体对象1]中，APM显示对所有三种精油都有吸引力（偏好指数PI = 0.14至0.56）。然而，出现了一个矛盾现象，因为单一成分大多具有驱避性（丁香酚：PI = -0.58至 -0.70；肉桂醛：PI从0.16变为 -0.20），这突出了精油混合物的复杂性，其中多种化合物共同起作用而非单独起作用。相比之下，在TCB中，[具体对象2]强烈避开CL和CIN，选择经精油处理一侧的寄生蜂不到30%（χ检验，P < 0.05）。因此，CIN显示出选择性潜力，既能吸引[具体对象1]，同时又能驱避[具体对象2]。这些发现凸显了精油作为植物性害虫防治工具的双重作用，同时强调在实际应用前需要考虑非靶标效应。
