Janik Michał, Blachut Dominika, Czogalik Łukasz, Tomasik Andrzej Robert, Wojciechowska Celina, Kukulski Tomasz
2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Aug 28;26(17):8329. doi: 10.3390/ijms26178329.
Regular physical activity has a beneficial impact on the cardiovascular system. However, the intense and prolonged exertion typical of professional athletes and amateur marathon runners can lead to adaptive changes in the heart. These changes encompass both structural and functional modifications, which may have positive or negative effects on cardiac function and contribute to the development of so-called "athlete's heart." Prolonged exercise induces adaptations at the molecular and cellular levels, including altered gene expression and remodeling of myocardial proteins. It may also cause transient elevations in biomarkers such as N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity troponin. Some athletes experience cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation. Morphological changes, such as myocardial hypertrophy or chamber dilation, can be assessed using echocardiography. Studies have reported potentially benign valvular abnormalities, as well as cases of myocardial fibrosis and arrhythmias. Early diagnosis of cardiac conditions in marathon runners is essential for effective prevention and health monitoring. This article reviews the current data on cardiac changes in endurance athletes, based on the literature from the past decade.
规律的体育活动对心血管系统有有益影响。然而，职业运动员和业余马拉松跑者典型的高强度和长时间运动可导致心脏发生适应性变化。这些变化包括结构和功能的改变，可能对心脏功能产生正面或负面影响，并促使所谓“运动员心脏”的形成。长时间运动可在分子和细胞水平诱导适应性变化，包括基因表达改变和心肌蛋白重塑。它还可能导致生物标志物如N末端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）和高敏肌钙蛋白短暂升高。一些运动员会出现心律失常，包括心房颤动。形态学变化，如心肌肥厚或心腔扩张，可通过超声心动图进行评估。研究报告了潜在的良性瓣膜异常以及心肌纤维化和心律失常病例。对马拉松跑者心脏状况的早期诊断对于有效预防和健康监测至关重要。本文基于过去十年的文献综述了耐力运动员心脏变化的当前数据。
