Kłodnicka Karolina, Januszewski Jacek, Tyc Hanna, Michalska Aleksandra, Forma Alicja, Teresińska Barbara, Rejdak Robert, Baj Jacek, Dolar-Szczasny Joanna
Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
Department of Correct, Clinical, and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Sep 1;26(17):8496. doi: 10.3390/ijms26178496.
Molecular imaging and precision therapies are transforming ophthalmology, enabling earlier and more accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment of sight-threatening diseases. This review focuses on age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and uveitis, examining high-resolution imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, MALDI-MSI, and spatial transcriptomics. Artificial intelligence supports these methods by improving image interpretation and enabling personalized analysis. The review also discusses therapeutic advances, including gene therapies (e.g., AAV-mediated RPE65 delivery), stem cell-based regenerative approaches, and biologics targeting inflammatory and neovascular processes. Targeted molecular therapies targeting specific signaling pathways, such as MAPK, are also explored. The combination of single-cell transcriptomics, proteomics, and machine learning facilitates the development of personalized treatment strategies. Although these technologies hold enormous potential, their implementation in routine clinical care requires further validation, regulatory approval, and long-term safety assessment. This review highlights the potential and challenges of integrating molecular imaging and advanced therapies in the future of precision ophthalmic medicine.
分子成像和精准治疗正在改变眼科医学，实现对视功能威胁性疾病的更早、更准确诊断以及靶向治疗。本综述聚焦于年龄相关性黄斑变性、糖尿病视网膜病变、青光眼和葡萄膜炎，探讨了高分辨率成像技术，如光学相干断层扫描（OCT）、OCT血管造影、基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱成像（MALDI-MSI）和空间转录组学。人工智能通过改进图像解读和实现个性化分析来支持这些方法。本综述还讨论了治疗进展，包括基因治疗（如腺相关病毒介导的RPE65递送）、基于干细胞的再生方法以及针对炎症和新生血管过程的生物制剂。还探讨了针对特定信号通路（如MAPK）的靶向分子疗法。单细胞转录组学、蛋白质组学和机器学习的结合促进了个性化治疗策略的发展。尽管这些技术具有巨大潜力，但它们在常规临床护理中的应用需要进一步验证、监管批准和长期安全性评估。本综述强调了在精准眼科医学未来整合分子成像和先进治疗的潜力与挑战。
