D'Antonio Veronica, Ramal-Sanchez Marina, Bravo-Trippetta Chiara, Corvaglia Elena, Serafini Mauro, Angelino Donato
Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Nutrients. 2025 Aug 30;17(17):2834. doi: 10.3390/nu17172834.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Unbalanced diets contribute to a rise in low-grade systemic inflammation, a risk factor for metabolic diseases. The aim of this study is to systematically review evidence from chronic intervention studies to understand the role of foods in modulating inflammatory responses in humans.
A literature search was conducted on PubMed using specific keywords. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane guidelines. Inclusion criteria required chronic dietary intervention studies measuring cytokine levels in humans.
In the 75 studies selected, results revealed extremely high variability both in outcomes, study design, and participant selection criteria. Studies with fruits and vegetables showed a reduction in circulating cytokine levels and/or an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines in 80% of studies (8/10), followed by fish (78%; 7/9), dairy (67%; 4/6), cereals (64%; 7/11), and oils (57%; 4/7). Beverages and hot beverages showed a decrease in circulating cytokines in 50% of cases (10/20 and 4/8, respectively). An increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed in dietary interventions with beverages. As further findings, we also observed greater effectiveness from fruits and vegetables (87.5%; 7/8), fish (75%; 6/8), and cereals (62.5%; 5/8) when studies were conducted in subjects with pathologies or risk factors.
Fruits and vegetables, fish, and cereals reduce systemic inflammation mainly in subjects with pathologies or risk factors. However, the limited number of studies do not allow us to draw solid conclusions on individual foods. Standardized dietary intervention trials are urgently needed to understand the role of foods in modulating inflammatory responses and to deliver findings to the general public.
背景/目的：不均衡饮食会导致低度全身性炎症增加，这是代谢性疾病的一个风险因素。本研究的目的是系统回顾慢性干预研究的证据，以了解食物在调节人体炎症反应中的作用。
在PubMed上使用特定关键词进行文献检索。使用Cochrane指南评估偏倚风险。纳入标准要求是测量人体细胞因子水平的慢性饮食干预研究。
在所选的75项研究中，结果显示在结果、研究设计和参与者选择标准方面存在极高的变异性。涉及水果和蔬菜的研究中，80%（8/10）的研究显示循环细胞因子水平降低和/或抗炎细胞因子增加，其次是鱼类（78%；7/9）、乳制品（67%；4/6）、谷物（64%；7/11）和油类（57%；4/7）。饮料和热饮在50%的情况下显示循环细胞因子减少（分别为10/20和4/8）。在饮料的饮食干预中观察到促炎细胞因子增加。作为进一步的发现，我们还观察到，在有病理状况或风险因素的受试者中进行研究时，水果和蔬菜（87.5%；7/8）、鱼类（75%；6/8）和谷物（62.5%；5/8）的效果更佳。
水果和蔬菜、鱼类以及谷物主要在有病理状况或风险因素的受试者中减轻全身性炎症。然而，研究数量有限，无法让我们就单一食物得出确凿结论。迫切需要标准化的饮食干预试验，以了解食物在调节炎症反应中的作用，并将研究结果传达给公众。
