Varunteja Bonthu, Gupta Nayan, Kumari Anjali, Mohanty Satyajit, Mukherjee Tuhin, Nayak Nikita, Chopra Mahendra Pratap, Pattnaik Ashok
Team Photonics & Metabolics, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India.
Mini Rev Med Chem. 2025 Sep 11. doi: 10.2174/0113895575403525250822093011.
Medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety are key domains being transformed by the ongoing revolution in optical biosensors. These light sensors are highly sensitive and specific for detecting specific biological interactions, allowing for real-time, label-free detection. Biorecognition elements (such as enzymes, antibodies, or nucleic acids), following interaction with the target analyte, generate optical signals based on the same key principles as optical biosensors. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence-based sensors, and fiber optic sensors offer a wide range of biosensors capable of detecting a broad spectrum of biological and chemical agents at trace concentrations. Diagnostic capability has become efficient and rapid with advances in nanotechnology and microelectronics, particularly in nanopores. Monitoring of cardiovascular health using wearable optical biosensors, such as photoplethysmography (PPG), is a non-invasive method. It has also been recently improved to better track heart rate and blood pressure, as well as evaluate mental and vascular health. Wearable optical biosensors support technologies, such as continuous monitoring and early detection of anomalies, which help in personalized healthcare. Optical biosensors are particularly suitable for detecting pathogens, biomarkers, and pollutants in clinical settings, as well as for environmental monitoring and food safety assessments. These applications range from biopharmaceuticals to biotechnology and personalized care, which are used to monitor diseases, discover drugs, and detect pathogens. Despite progress, matrix interference with the sample matrix, sensor stability, and miniaturization remain challenges to be overcome. However, with future progress in materials science, nanotechnology, and increased integration with the Internet of Things (IoT), the potential for optical biosensors will continue to rise as portable, cost-effective, real-time data-analyzing diagnostic tools that expand accessibility to those in underserved regions. Developed using optical and electrochemical approaches, the biosensors reviewed in this article are discussed in terms of their principles, types, applications, and prospects, including their roles in healthcare and environmental sectors.
医学诊断、环境监测和食品安全是正在被光学生物传感器的持续革命所改变的关键领域。这些光传感器对检测特定生物相互作用具有高度敏感性和特异性，能够进行实时、无标记检测。生物识别元件（如酶、抗体或核酸）与目标分析物相互作用后，基于与光学生物传感器相同的关键原理产生光信号。表面等离子体共振（SPR）、基于荧光的传感器和光纤传感器提供了广泛的生物传感器，能够在痕量浓度下检测多种生物和化学制剂。随着纳米技术和微电子学的进步，尤其是在纳米孔方面，诊断能力变得高效且快速。使用可穿戴光学生物传感器（如光电容积脉搏波描记法（PPG））监测心血管健康是一种非侵入性方法。最近它也得到了改进，能更好地跟踪心率和血压，以及评估心理和血管健康。可穿戴光学生物传感器支持诸如连续监测和异常早期检测等技术，有助于个性化医疗。光学生物传感器特别适用于在临床环境中检测病原体、生物标志物和污染物，以及用于环境监测和食品安全评估。这些应用范围从生物制药到生物技术和个性化护理，用于监测疾病、发现药物和检测病原体。尽管取得了进展，但样品基质的基质干扰、传感器稳定性和小型化仍是有待克服的挑战。然而，随着材料科学、纳米技术的未来进展以及与物联网（IoT）集成度的提高，光学生物传感器作为便携式、经济高效、实时数据分析诊断工具的潜力将继续上升，从而扩大对服务不足地区人群的可及性。本文所综述的生物传感器是采用光学和电化学方法开发的，将从其原理、类型、应用和前景方面进行讨论，包括它们在医疗保健和环境领域的作用。
