He Mingxin, Liu Lei, Li Yue, Guo Zhi
Department of Hematology, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
Transl Pediatr. 2025 Aug 31;14(8):2023-2041. doi: 10.21037/tp-2025-303. Epub 2025 Aug 25.
The initial bacteria in a newborn's gastrointestinal tract come from the mother's birth canal, the environment, and breast milk. Gut microbiota is established earlier in infants delivered naturally than by cesarean section (C-section). Gut microbial diversity increases further as infants reach weaning, with the addition of complementary foods and increased food diversity. Upon reaching adulthood, the composition of the microbiota is relatively stable, with , and as the main microbiota. The development of gut microbiota in children, as well as the potential disruption of newborn gut microbiota development by antibiotics, necessitates the development of new nutritional foods to address the challenges of gut microbiota and nutrition in children. Specific probiotic strains may prevent acute gastroenteritis, antibiotic diarrhea, infantile colic, and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). Microecological preparations such as probiotics are a group of live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when given in sufficient quantities, and are mainly categorized into live bacteria in bulk, tablets and capsules. Probiotics are currently widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal related diseases, and have achieved certain results in clinical practice as a supplement to conventional therapies. However, there are still not many types of microecological preparations that have isolated strains. Finding probiotics that target a particular disease and isolating them is a difficult part of the development of microecological preparations for clinical applications. At present, in the clinical cohort study of children using probiotic preparations, microecological preparations either show their ability to prevent diseases or are mostly used as auxiliary means of traditional therapy. Although there are fewer clinical cohort studies with microecological preparations as the primary treatment, their clinical application will be increasingly promising. This review aims to systematically summarize the formation patterns of gut microbiota in children, analyze the mechanisms of action of microecological regulators, and evaluate their clinical applications in pediatric diseases, thereby providing insights for addressing gut microbiota-related challenges.
新生儿胃肠道中的初始细菌来自母亲的产道、环境和母乳。与剖宫产婴儿相比，自然分娩的婴儿肠道微生物群建立得更早。随着婴儿断奶，添加辅食并增加食物多样性，肠道微生物多样性会进一步增加。成年后，微生物群的组成相对稳定，以 、 和 为主要微生物群。儿童肠道微生物群的发育，以及抗生素对新生儿肠道微生物群发育的潜在破坏，使得有必要开发新的营养食品来应对儿童肠道微生物群和营养方面的挑战。特定的益生菌菌株可能预防急性胃肠炎、抗生素相关性腹泻、婴儿腹绞痛和坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）。益生菌等微生态制剂是一类活微生物，当给予足够数量时能为宿主带来健康益处，主要分为散剂、片剂和胶囊中的活菌。益生菌目前广泛用于治疗胃肠道相关疾病，并作为传统疗法的补充在临床实践中取得了一定效果。然而，分离出菌株的微生态制剂类型仍然不多。找到针对特定疾病的益生菌并将其分离出来是微生态制剂临床应用开发中的一个难题。目前，在使用益生菌制剂的儿童临床队列研究中，微生态制剂要么显示出预防疾病的能力，要么大多用作传统疗法的辅助手段。虽然以微生态制剂作为主要治疗方法的临床队列研究较少，但它们的临床应用前景将越来越广阔。本综述旨在系统总结儿童肠道微生物群的形成模式，分析微生态调节剂的作用机制，并评估它们在儿科疾病中的临床应用，从而为应对与肠道微生物群相关的挑战提供见解。
