Attention Modulation to Linguistic Speech Units.

This study investigates how selective auditory attention influences the lexical speech segmentation process to phonemes and words in a two competing speaker scenario. Using electroencephalography recordings from 20 participants, we applied temporal response function analysis to distinguish attention-driven neural activity to phoneme and word onsets for the attended and ignored speech stream separately. Our results reveal distinct attention effects for phoneme and word onsets. Phoneme onsets elicited significant selective attention effects at an early (18-94 ms, P1), middle (186-252 ms, P2), and late (302-382 ms, N2) time window. In contrast, word onsets showed attention effects only at a middle (192-280 ms, P2) and late (348-386 ms, N2) time window, occurring slightly later than phoneme-related effects. Prediction accuracy analyses demonstrated stronger model performance for the attended speech stream across all models, with notable improvements in prediction accuracy from a word model to a phoneme model to a combined word and phoneme model. These findings are in accordance with both hierarchical and parallel processing frameworks, where selective attention enhances lexical segmentation for attended speech, improving prediction accuracy. Early attention effects observed for phoneme onsets underscore their role in low-level speech processing, while late attention effects for word onsets may reflect higher level processing. This study highlights the importance of selective attention in neural speech tracking and provides insights into auditory processing mechanisms underlying speech comprehension in complex acoustic environments.