Guo Long, Guan Zilong, Qiang Minmin, Jia Zhifeng, Zhang Xingchen, Sun Yongchang
Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Power China, Xi'an, 710065, China.
Environ Res. 2025 Dec 1;286(Pt 2):122872. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.122872. Epub 2025 Sep 15.
Groundwater nitrate pollution poses a significant global threat to human and ecosystem health. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has emerged as a highly effective material for its remediation. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in the synthesis, modification, and field application of nZVI for nitrate removal. We critically analyze various enhancement strategies, including surface coating, elemental doping, and carrier immobilization, detailing their distinct mechanisms and performance. Furthermore, exploring the synergistic effects of combining nZVI with electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and biological denitrification. A key contribution of this review is bridging the critical gap between laboratory studies and field-scale applications by evaluating field tests. Meanwhile, proposing the application limitations and prospects of different nZVI and nZVI combined technologies. Moreover, this work reviews practical case studies of nZVI for groundwater remediation and evaluates its ecological impacts. Based on these analysis, we propose key performance indicators, providing a reference for nZVI-based groundwater remediation technologies.
地下水中的硝酸盐污染对人类和生态系统健康构成了重大的全球威胁。纳米零价铁（nZVI）已成为一种用于修复的高效材料。本综述全面总结了nZVI在硝酸盐去除方面的合成、改性及现场应用的最新进展。我们批判性地分析了各种强化策略，包括表面包覆、元素掺杂和载体固定化，详细阐述了它们独特的作用机制和性能。此外，还探讨了将nZVI与电催化、光催化和生物反硝化相结合的协同效应。本综述的一个关键贡献是通过评估现场试验弥合了实验室研究与现场规模应用之间的关键差距。同时，提出了不同nZVI及其组合技术的应用局限性和前景。此外，这项工作回顾了nZVI用于地下水修复的实际案例研究，并评估了其生态影响。基于这些分析，我们提出了关键性能指标，为基于nZVI的地下水修复技术提供参考。
