Kumari Gitika, Kundu Sourabh, Famta Paras, Kalahasti Krishna K, Srivastava Saurabh, Reddy Geereddy Bhanuprakash, Srinivasarao Dadi A
Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India.
ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2025 Sep 18. doi: 10.1007/s13346-025-01971-0.
Diabetes associated ocular complications, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic cataract (DC), constitute a substantial number of blind cases worldwide. Contemporary therapeutic interventions include intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF drugs for DR and surgical interventions for DC. However, these interventions suffer from drawbacks such as low patient compliance, invasiveness, and elicitation of unintended effects on sensitive ocular tissues, ultimately leading to vision loss. Therefore, there is a need for the development of advanced therapeutic interventions that are less invasive. The advent of nanotechnology has brought a paradigm shift in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, including DR and DC. Nanoparticles, due to their high aspect ratio, offer several advantages such as quick internalization, ease of surface modification, and amenability for attachment of targeting ligands, thereby offering improved bioavailability. Moreover, the development of core-shell nanoparticles, with varying surface and bulk composition, offers additional advantages such as tissue tropism, controlled drug release, stimuli-responsiveness, and amenability for multiple drug loading, improved stability, permeability, and intra-ocular accumulation while showing minimal toxicity, ultimately offering spatio-temporally controlled drug delivery. In this review, we discussed various ocular tissue barriers while emphasizing the importance of different pristine and core-shell polymeric nanoparticles with respect to tissue tropism. Further, characterization techniques and drug release mechanisms of core-shell nanoparticles were discussed. We also presented preclinical studies that demonstrated improved therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticulate delivery systems. Finally, we presented our perspectives on challenges for scale-up and clinical translation of core-shell nanoparticles.
糖尿病相关的眼部并发症，如糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）和糖尿病性白内障（DC），在全球范围内导致了大量失明病例。当代治疗干预措施包括玻璃体腔内注射抗血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）药物治疗DR以及对DC进行手术干预。然而，这些干预措施存在患者依从性低、具有侵入性以及对敏感眼部组织产生意外影响等缺点，最终导致视力丧失。因此，需要开发侵入性较小的先进治疗干预措施。纳米技术的出现给包括DR和DC在内的眼科疾病治疗带来了范式转变。纳米颗粒由于其高纵横比，具有快速内化、易于表面修饰以及便于连接靶向配体等诸多优点，从而提高了生物利用度。此外，具有不同表面和本体组成的核壳纳米颗粒的开发还具有组织嗜性、可控药物释放、刺激响应性以及适合多种药物负载等额外优点，提高了稳定性、渗透性和眼内蓄积，同时显示出最小的毒性，最终实现时空可控的药物递送。在本综述中，我们讨论了各种眼部组织屏障，同时强调了不同原始和核壳聚合物纳米颗粒在组织嗜性方面的重要性。此外，还讨论了核壳纳米颗粒的表征技术和药物释放机制。我们还介绍了临床前研究，这些研究证明了纳米颗粒递送系统具有更高的治疗效果。最后，我们阐述了关于核壳纳米颗粒扩大规模和临床转化面临的挑战的观点。
