Luo Limin, Jiang Xiaoling, Qiao Jianjun, Fang Hong, Li Jun
Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2025;26(9):915-922. doi: 10.1631/jzus.B2400164.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), as certain forms of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) or keratinocyte carcinoma, are the most common forms of malignant neoplasms worldwide (Sharp et al., 2024). BCC and cSCC have been identified as two major components of NMSC, comprising one-third of all malignancies (Burton et al., 2016). Generally speaking, patients with NMSC tend to have relatively favorable survival outcomes, while different histopathological subtypes of NMSC exhibit distinct biological behaviors (Stătescu et al., 2023). Keratinocyte carcinoma, although not considered as deadly as melanoma, tends to metastasize if left untreated (Civantos et al., 2023; Nanz et al., 2024). cSCC can evolve locally, then aggressively metastasize, invade, and even lead to fatal consequences in a subset of patients (Winge et al., 2023). A solid, pigmented, smooth plaque or a hyperkeratotic papule with or without central ulceration and hemorrhage appears to be characteristic of cSCC (Thompson et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2023). Of note, a rare type of intraepidermal cSCC in situ often appears as a velvety, demarcated, slightly raised erythematous plaque on the genitalia of men (Yamaguchi et al., 2016). Accounting for approximately 16.0% of scalp tumors and with a rising incidence, cSCC is now the second most common NMSC in humans (Verdaguer-Faja et al., 2024). According to the latest statistics, up to 2%‒5% of cSCCs in situ may gradually progress into invasive cSCCs in the final step (Rentroia-Pacheco et al., 2023). Several risk factors for the carcinogenesis and development of cSCC have been identified, including age, accumulative exposure to ultraviolet light radiation A and B, human papillomavirus infection, arsenic ingestion, chronic scarring, xeroderma pigmentosa, a relevant history of ionizing radiation, androgenetic alopecia in males, and immunosuppression therapy (Martinez and Otley, 2001; Welsch et al., 2012; Mortaja and Demehri, 2023).
基底细胞癌（BCC）和皮肤鳞状细胞癌（cSCC）作为非黑色素瘤皮肤癌（NMSC）或角质形成细胞癌的某些形式，是全球最常见的恶性肿瘤类型（夏普等人，2024年）。BCC和cSCC已被确定为NMSC的两个主要组成部分，占所有恶性肿瘤的三分之一（伯顿等人，2016年）。一般来说，NMSC患者的生存结果往往相对较好，而NMSC的不同组织病理学亚型表现出不同的生物学行为（斯塔泰斯库等人，2023年）。角质形成细胞癌虽然不像黑色素瘤那样致命，但如果不治疗往往会发生转移（奇万托斯等人，2023年；南兹等人，2024年）。cSCC可在局部发展，然后侵袭性转移、浸润，甚至在一部分患者中导致致命后果（温格等人，2023年）。坚实、色素沉着、光滑的斑块或有或无中央溃疡和出血的角化过度丘疹似乎是cSCC的特征（汤普森等人，2016年；周等人，2023年）。值得注意的是，一种罕见的表皮内原位cSCC在男性生殖器上常表现为天鹅绒样、边界清晰、略隆起的红斑（山口等人，2016年）。cSCC占头皮肿瘤的约16.0%，且发病率不断上升，现已成为人类第二常见的NMSC（韦尔达格尔 - 法亚等人，2024年）。根据最新统计，高达2% - 5%的原位cSCC最终可能会逐渐发展为侵袭性cSCC（伦特罗亚 - 帕切科等人，2023年）。已经确定了几种cSCC发生和发展的危险因素，包括年龄、累积暴露于紫外线A和B、人乳头瘤病毒感染、砷摄入、慢性瘢痕形成、着色性干皮病、电离辐射相关病史、男性雄激素性脱发以及免疫抑制治疗（马丁内斯和奥特利，2001年；韦尔施等人，2012年；莫尔塔贾和德梅赫里，2023年）。
