Ružić Lana, Rakovac Marija, Bilić-Ćurčić Ines, Jakovac Domagoj, Cigrovski Berković Maja
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia.
Faculty of Medicine, University J.J. Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
Healthcare (Basel). 2025 Sep 17;13(18):2328. doi: 10.3390/healthcare13182328.
Exercise and bone health are crucial for overall cardiovascular and metabolic well-being. However, certain types of activities can increase the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Preventing injuries while remaining active can be challenging, particularly for older competitive recreational athletes whose training volumes can be comparable to those of professional athletes. While high levels of physical activity in older adults typically lead to thicker cortical bone and improved physical fitness, age-related bone loss, hormonal changes, nutrition, and a history of fractures can significantly raise the risk of osteoporosis. This narrative review provides a descriptive summary of the current understanding of the paradox between exercise and bone fragility, particularly in recreational athletes. Many older athletes may be unaware of their declining bone mineral density, believing that their activity levels are sufficient. Ironically, high-impact activities like running and jumping, which are generally recommended for the prevention of osteoporosis, can also increase the risk of stress fractures. Early detection of osteoporosis is crucial, and this can be achieved through DEXA scans and regular bone density tests, allowing for timely intervention before fractures occur. Alongside medications, strength training, as well as balance and stability exercises, can be very beneficial. It is also important to maintain healthy lifestyle choices, ensure adequate energy levels, and consume sufficient amounts of calcium and vitamin D. Furthermore, monitoring training volume and allowing for proper recovery can help reduce the risk of osteoporotic stress fractures in athletes.
运动与骨骼健康对整体心血管和代谢健康至关重要。然而，某些类型的活动会增加骨质疏松性骨折的风险。在保持活跃的同时预防受伤具有挑战性，尤其是对于那些训练量可与职业运动员相媲美的老年竞技性休闲运动员。虽然老年人高水平的体育活动通常会导致皮质骨增厚和身体素质提高，但与年龄相关的骨质流失、激素变化、营养状况以及骨折史会显著增加患骨质疏松症的风险。这篇叙述性综述对当前对运动与骨骼脆弱性之间矛盾的理解进行了描述性总结，特别是在休闲运动员中。许多老年运动员可能没有意识到他们的骨矿物质密度在下降，认为自己的活动水平足够。具有讽刺意味的是，通常推荐用于预防骨质疏松症的跑步和跳跃等高冲击力活动，也会增加应力性骨折的风险。骨质疏松症的早期检测至关重要，这可以通过双能X线吸收法扫描和定期骨密度测试来实现，以便在骨折发生前及时进行干预。除了药物治疗外，力量训练以及平衡和稳定性练习可能非常有益。保持健康的生活方式选择、确保充足的能量水平以及摄入足够的钙和维生素D也很重要。此外，监测训练量并给予适当的恢复时间有助于降低运动员患骨质疏松性应力性骨折的风险。
