Differentiation of nerve terminals in the crayfish opener muscle and its functional significance.

Junctional potentials (jp's) recorded from superficial distal fibers of the crayfish opener muscle are up to 50 times larger than jp' in superficial central fibers when the single motor axon that innervates the muscle is stimulated at a frequency of 1/sec or less. At 80/sec, in contrast, central jp's are up to four times larger than those observed in distal fibers. The tension produced by single muscle fibers of either type is directly proportional to the integral of the time-voltage curve minus an excitation-contraction coupling threshold of 3 mv. Distal fibers therefore produce almost all the total muscle tension at low frequencies of stimulation and central fibers add an increasingly greater contribution as their nerve endings begin to facilitate in response to increased rate of motor discharge. Differentiation of muscle membrane characteristics (input resistance, space constant, time constant) cannot account for these differences in facilitation ratios. The mechanism of neuronal differentiation is not based upon the size or effectiveness of transmitter quanta, since equal sized jp's have equal variances;: mjp sizes and variances are also equal. No differences were found between fiber types in rates of transmitter mobilization, density of innervation, or the relationship between transmitter release and terminal depolarization. Single terminals on distal fibers were found to release transmitter with a greater probability than central terminals. More effective invasion of distal terminals by the nerve impulse at low frequencies can account for the difference.