MacLeod D I, Hayhoe M
Science. 1974 Sep 27;185(4157):1171-2. doi: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1171.
Afterimages fade against any unchanging background but generally reappear if the background changes suddenly. Under some conditions, however, a change of background color fails to revive a faded afterimage. This happens only if the interchanged backgrounds equally stimulate the rod receptors. It follows that afterimages seen under these conditions are generated by rods.