Chap J B, Ross B M
J Genet Psychol. 1979 Jun;134(2d Half):193-205. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1979.10534054.
Six-, 8-, 10-, and 12-year-old children (10 boys and 10 girls) reconstructed two visual patterns from immediate memory, while other 5- and 6-year-old children (10 boys and 10 girls) reconstructed the identical patterns by direct copying. Patterns were simple and composed entirely of circles or squares as component items. Four results were emphasized: (a) Numerous errors mady by the copying groups led to the conclusion that memory loss is often overestimated in young children. Since an independent estimate of perceptual encoding errors is rarely carried out, encoding mistakes are often included among forgetting errors. (b) One pattern was both copied and remembered more poorly than the other in accord with a Piagetian interpretation of a conceptual conflict inherent in the pattern design between spatial and numerical correspondence of component pattern items. (c) A memory strategy emphasizing configuration preservation was suggested for the 6-year-olds who made slightly fewer memory than copying errors for two configural scoring categories. (d) Performance in an unrelated planning-for-memory task significantly differentiated between better and worse performers on the visual pattern memory task.
6岁、8岁、10岁和12岁的儿童（10名男孩和10名女孩）凭借即时记忆重建了两种视觉图案，而其他5岁和6岁的儿童（10名男孩和10名女孩）则通过直接临摹重建了相同的图案。图案很简单，完全由圆形或方形作为组成元素。研究强调了四个结果：（a）临摹组出现的大量错误导致得出这样的结论，即幼儿的记忆丧失往往被高估。由于很少对感知编码错误进行独立评估，编码错误常常被归入遗忘错误之中。（b）根据皮亚杰对图案设计中组件图案项目的空间和数字对应关系所固有的概念冲突的解释，有一种图案的临摹和记忆效果都比另一种差。（c）对于在两个构型评分类别上记忆错误略少于临摹错误的6岁儿童，建议采用一种强调构型保持的记忆策略。（d）在一项无关的记忆规划任务中的表现，在视觉图案记忆任务中显著区分了表现较好和较差的参与者。
