Shino P H, Harlap S, Ramcharan S, Berendes H, Gupta S, Pellegrin F
Contraception. 1979 Aug;20(2):105-20. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(79)90083-0.
In a large prospective study, set up to determine whether reproductive outcomes are affected by prior contraceptive use, 34,344 women were recruited at their first antenatal visit and followed until pregnancy termination. This paper summarizes the study methods and describes the demographic differences between subjects who used various contraceptives shortly before conception, and those who experienced contraceptive failures. Thirty percent of the women had used oral contraceptives (OCs) during the 5 months prior to conception and 2.4% had continued using them after their LMP. IUDs had been used by 5.8% of women before conception and 1.1% after. If these rates are also true for the whole population of the U.S., they indicate that approximately 70,000 babies are born each year following pill-failures and 30,000 following failures of IUD's. Exposure to other fetal hazards was common, with 48% of pregnant women drinking alcohol, 28% smoking, and 15% receiving diagnostic X-rays. OC use was more common among smokers and drinkers, and OC failures were significantly associated with the use of anti-epileptics, aspirin, and with exposure to radiation.
在一项旨在确定既往避孕措施的使用是否会影响生殖结局的大型前瞻性研究中，34344名女性在首次产前检查时被招募，并随访至妊娠终止。本文总结了研究方法，并描述了在受孕前不久使用各种避孕措施的受试者与避孕失败的受试者之间的人口统计学差异。30%的女性在受孕前5个月使用过口服避孕药（OCs），2.4%的女性在末次月经后仍继续使用。5.8%的女性在受孕前使用过宫内节育器（IUDs），1.1%在受孕后使用。如果这些比率在美国整个人口中也属实，那么这表明每年约有70000名婴儿在口服避孕药失败后出生，30000名在宫内节育器失败后出生。接触其他胎儿危险因素的情况很常见，48%的孕妇饮酒，28%吸烟，15%接受诊断性X光检查。口服避孕药的使用在吸烟者和饮酒者中更为常见，口服避孕药失败与使用抗癫痫药、阿司匹林以及接触辐射显著相关。
