Eriksson M, Larsson G, Zetterström R
Paediatrician. 1979;8(4):228-42.
There is an increasing awareness that alcohol and drug abuse and smoking are not only harmful for the consumer but will also, when taken by a pregnant woman, adversely affect her unborn child. The consequence of the abuse will result from a combination of specific toxic effects of abusing substances and a nonspecific effect from the often very unstable environment of an alcohol- or drug-dependent mother. Poor prenatal care is a common finding in alcohol and drug abuse leading to a high incidence of complications during pregnancy and delivery including premature labor and small-for-gestational-age babies. An increased perinatal mortality has been reported following all types of abuse including tobacco use, probably as a consequence of poor prenatal care as well as of a toxic effect on the fetus. Withdrawal symptoms after birth are most prominent in opiate addiction. The already intrauterinely damaged child will if it stays with its parents often continue to be exposed to several abverse environmental factors. However, symptoms such as mental retardation following alcohol abuse and hyperactivity and emotional disturbances following drug exposure during intrauterine life have also been found in children who have been taken from the parents and placed in foster homes immediately after birth. This means that children of abusing parents both in their custody and in foster home will have to be regarded as risk children that should be subjected to careful medical and psychological follow-up.
人们越来越意识到，酗酒、药物滥用和吸烟不仅对使用者有害，而且孕妇使用这些物质时，还会对其未出生的孩子产生不利影响。滥用这些物质的后果源于滥用物质的特定毒性作用与依赖酒精或药物的母亲所处的通常非常不稳定的环境所产生的非特异性影响的共同作用。在酗酒和药物滥用的情况下，产前护理不佳是常见现象，这会导致孕期和分娩期间并发症的高发率，包括早产和小于胎龄儿。据报道，包括吸烟在内的所有类型的滥用行为都会导致围产期死亡率上升，这可能是产前护理不佳以及对胎儿产生毒性作用的结果。出生后的戒断症状在阿片类药物成瘾中最为明显。已经在子宫内受到损害的儿童如果继续与父母生活在一起，往往会继续暴露于多种不利的环境因素中。然而，在出生后立即被从父母身边带走并安置在寄养家庭的儿童中，也发现了诸如酗酒导致的智力发育迟缓以及子宫内接触药物后的多动和情绪障碍等症状。这意味着，无论是由亲生父母抚养还是在寄养家庭中的滥用物质父母的孩子，都必须被视为高危儿童，应该接受仔细的医学和心理随访。
