Langer E J, Imber L G
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1979 Nov;37(11):2014-24. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.37.11.2014.
It was hypothesized that as overlearning leads to "mindlessness," the individual components of a task become relatively inaccessible to consciousness and therefore unavailable to serve as evidence of task competence. This may lead to a decrement in performance if circumstances, for example, a label connoting relative inferiority, lead one to question one's ability. This was tested in the first experiment by varying practice on a task (no practice, moderate practice, and overpractice) by label assigned to subjects (no label, assistant, boss). As predicted, performance decrements resulted for the no practice and overpracticed subjects who were assigned the inferior status label but not for the moderate practice subjects for whom the task components were still salient. In a second experiment it was found that the debilitation could be prevented for an overlearned task by making components of the task salient. Implications for the vulnerability of experts to these performance debilitations are explored.
据推测，由于过度学习会导致“机械性”，任务的各个组成部分相对难以进入意识层面，因此无法作为任务能力的证据。如果在某些情况下，例如一个意味着相对劣势的标签，导致一个人质疑自己的能力，这可能会导致表现下降。在第一个实验中，通过对一项任务的练习程度（无练习、适度练习和过度练习）以及分配给受试者的标签（无标签、助手、老板）进行变化来对此进行测试。正如所预测的那样，被赋予较低地位标签的无练习和过度练习的受试者出现了表现下降，但对于任务组成部分仍然显著的适度练习的受试者则没有。在第二个实验中发现，通过使过度学习任务的组成部分变得显著，可以防止能力削弱。文中还探讨了这些表现削弱对专家脆弱性的影响。
