Hohagen Jesper, Immerz Anna
Freiburg Institute for Musicians' Medicine, University of Music Freiburg, Medical Center of Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg Center for Music Research and Teaching, Freiburg, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2024 Apr 8;15:1290596. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1290596. eCollection 2024.
The topic of attentional focus (focus of attention, FOA) in musical learning and performance has recently received increasing interest, as the growing number of empirical studies inspired by the established FOA paradigm in sports by Wulf and colleagues in 1998. The current systematical review aims at collecting, abstracting, and categorizing relevant data to show which kinds of FOA instructions were applied in experimental designs and what kinds of dependent variables were used to measure the effects of FOA instruction on musical performance. The three main inclusion criteria in the selection process were experimental design, detailed descriptions of FOA instructions, and outcome measures (OMs). A systematic search was conducted with a complex search term in four scientific databases in March 2023. For presenting and synthesizing results, we used data collection and an inductive-deductive data categorization. Fifteen studies with a total sample size of 401 participants were included out of 387 records initially identified. We collected 53 different FOA instruction citations from the 15 studies and classified them into 9 FOA subcategories, of which the most applied were (21%), (15%), and (14%). Selected studies used 63 OMs that were abstracted to 10 different OM categories with (27%) and (22%) as the most applied dependent variables. Data categorization and abstraction of additional study information show multiple combinations of FOA instructions, OMs, participants' instruments and expertise, and musical tasks. Finally, studies show no consistent results of superiority of either external or internal or otherwise different FOA considering positive effects on musical performance. Limitations of the review lie in the small study sample, possible criticism of applied eligibility criteria, and subjectivity of data categorization. We propose a research agenda with a more exploratory approach that comprehensively and qualitatively examines the dimensions of musical goals to create a database that could provide a foundation for developing a music-specific FOA model.
近年来，注意力焦点（注意力焦点，FOA）在音乐学习和表演中的话题越来越受到关注，这是因为自1998年伍尔夫及其同事在体育领域建立FOA范式以来，实证研究的数量不断增加。本系统综述旨在收集、提炼和分类相关数据，以展示在实验设计中应用了哪些类型的FOA指令，以及使用了哪些类型的因变量来衡量FOA指令对音乐表演的影响。选择过程中的三个主要纳入标准是实验设计、FOA指令的详细描述和结果测量（OMs）。2023年3月，我们在四个科学数据库中使用复杂的搜索词进行了系统检索。为了呈现和综合结果，我们采用了数据收集和归纳 - 演绎数据分类法。在最初识别的387条记录中，纳入了15项研究，总样本量为401名参与者。我们从这15项研究中收集了53条不同的FOA指令引用，并将它们分为9个FOA子类别，其中应用最多的是（21%）、（15%）和（14%）。所选研究使用了63种OMs，这些OMs被提炼为10个不同的OM类别，其中（27%）和（22%）是应用最多的因变量。数据分类和其他研究信息的提炼显示了FOA指令、OMs、参与者的乐器和专业知识以及音乐任务的多种组合。最后，考虑到对音乐表演的积极影响，研究表明无论是外部还是内部或其他不同的FOA，都没有一致的优越性结果。本综述的局限性在于研究样本较小、对应用的纳入标准可能存在的批评以及数据分类的主观性。我们提出了一个采用更具探索性方法的研究议程，全面且定性地研究音乐目标的维度，以创建一个数据库，为开发特定于音乐的FOA模型提供基础。
