Oocyte maturation: aberrant post-fusion responses of the rabbit primary oocyte to penetrating spermatozoa.

Primary oocytes cannot be fertilized normally; they begin to develop this capacity as meiosis resumes. To elucidate the changes involved in acquisition of their fertilizability, rabbit primary oocytes displaying a germinal vesicle (GV oocytes) were placed in Fallopian tubes inseminated previously with spermatozoa, recovered 2--5 h later and examined by light and electron microscopy. At least 4 aspects of GV oocyte/sperm interaction were abnormal. Although the vestments and oolemma seem normally receptive to spermatozoa, fusion with the oolemma of the primary oocyte did not elicit exocytosis of cortical granules, and consequently multiple entry of spermatozoa into the ooplasm was common. Secondly, the GV oocyte cortex failed to achieve a normal englufment of the anterior part of the sperm head. It sank into the ooplasm capped by only a small rostral vesicle or left the stable inner acrosomal membrane as a patch in the oolemma. Only rarely then was there significant dispersion of the sperm chromatin, and this remained surrounded by nuclear envelope. The persistence of this envelope constitutes a further aberrant feature, for it disappears immediately in secondary oocytes and was absent in primary oocytes in which germinal vesicle breakdown had occurred. The results are discussed with particular reference to current ideas about male pronucleus formation.