Marais G V
Bull World Health Organ. 1966;34(5):737-63.
In the developing countries, the unit costs of waste-stabilization ponds are generally low. Moreover, in the tropics and subtropics, the environmental conditions are conducive to a high level of pond performance. In view of this, the theory, operation and performance of such ponds under these conditions have been studied.It is shown that the Hermann & Gloyna and Marais & Shaw theories of the degradation action in oxidation ponds can be integrated, and that account can be taken of the effect of the sludge layer. In Lusaka, Zambia, anaerobic conditions are much more likely to occur in summer than in winter, because of intense stratification. It is confirmed that a series of maturation or oxidation ponds is more efficient than a single pond of equivalent volume.When aqua privies and septic tanks are used as anaerobic pretreatment units, the area of the primary oxidation ponds can be reduced and there is less likelihood that anaerobic conditions will develop in them in summer. The use of self-topping aqua privies, discharging through sewers to oxidation ponds, has made possible the economic installation of water-carriage systems of waste disposal in low-cost high-density housing areas.In the oxidation ponds, typhoid bacteria appear to be more resistant than indicator organisms; helminths, cysts and ova settle out; there are no snails and, if peripheral vegetation is removed, mosquitos will not breed.
在发展中国家，稳定塘的单位成本通常较低。此外，在热带和亚热带地区，环境条件有利于实现较高的池塘处理效率。鉴于此，对这些条件下此类池塘的理论、运行和性能进行了研究。结果表明，赫尔曼和格洛伊纳以及马雷和肖关于氧化塘降解作用的理论可以整合，并且可以考虑污泥层的影响。在赞比亚卢萨卡，由于强烈的分层现象，夏季比冬季更易出现厌氧条件。已证实，一系列熟化塘或氧化塘比同等容积的单个池塘效率更高。当使用水冲式厕所和化粪池作为厌氧预处理单元时，初级氧化塘的面积可以减小，并且夏季在其中出现厌氧条件的可能性也较小。使用通过下水道排入氧化塘的自流式水冲式厕所，使得在低成本高密度住宅区经济地安装废水处理的输水系统成为可能。在氧化塘中，伤寒杆菌似乎比指示生物更具抗性；蠕虫、包囊和虫卵会沉淀下来；没有蜗牛，并且如果清除周边植被，蚊子就不会繁殖。
