Flanagan J C
Ophthalmology. 1979 May;86(5):896-913. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(79)35442-2.
Vascular neoplasms and malformations of the orbit are unusual and fascinating problems. The benign capillary and cavernous hemangiomas are the most common vascular tumors and are classified separately because of distinct clinical and pathologic differences. The capillary hemangiomas progress rapidly in early childhood but have a tendency to regress. The cavernous hemangiomas occur later in life, progress slowly, and often require surgical excision. The orbital aneurysm, venous malformation, arteriovenous malformation, and carotid-cavernous fistula all may cause exophthalmos, visual loss, and other ocular abnormalities. They can be differentiated clinically; however, recent advances in ultrasonography, venography, and arteriography usually permit an exaxt diagnosis. They may be treated surgically, but the mortality and morbidity associated with such surgery must be balanced against the threat of loss of vision.
眼眶血管肿瘤和畸形是不常见但很吸引人的问题。良性毛细血管瘤和海绵状血管瘤是最常见的血管肿瘤，由于明显的临床和病理差异而单独分类。毛细血管瘤在儿童早期发展迅速，但有消退的倾向。海绵状血管瘤在生命后期出现，发展缓慢，通常需要手术切除。眼眶动脉瘤、静脉畸形、动静脉畸形和颈动脉海绵窦瘘都可能导致眼球突出、视力丧失和其他眼部异常。它们可以通过临床进行鉴别；然而，超声检查、静脉造影和动脉造影的最新进展通常能做出准确诊断。它们可以通过手术治疗，但必须将与这种手术相关的死亡率和发病率与视力丧失的威胁进行权衡。
