Bushnell P J, Bowman R E
Neurobehav Toxicol. 1979 Fall;1(3):207-19.
The social behavior of infant rhesus monkeys during the first year of life was examined under a variety of lead (Pb) exposure conditions in four separate experiments. Daily ingestion of PB acetate in milk for one year elevated blood Pb levels to 30-100 microgram/dl, suppressed play, increased social clinging, and exacerbated the disruption of social behavior caused by changing the play environment midway through the year of observation. The presence of control monkeys in social test-groups reduced the magnitude of Pb-induced social behavior changes. In contrast to daily postnatal Pb exposure, chronic exposure to Pb during gestation had no measurable effect on postnatal social development, and acute, transient postnatal Pb exposure (producing blood Pb levels > 200 microgram/dl during month 2 of life) affected only the monkeys' response to the change in the plan environment. These data suggest that daily ingestion of Pb, and not a previously-acquired tissue burden, was responsible for the long-term changes in social development observed. The results are discussed in the general context of primate social development, which is thought to require adequate interactive play for appropriate social integration and reproductive behavior at maturity.
在四项独立实验中，研究了恒河猴幼崽在出生后第一年处于各种铅（Pb）暴露条件下的社会行为。在牛奶中每日摄入醋酸铅一年，会使血铅水平升高至30 - 100微克/分升，抑制玩耍，增加社会依附行为，并加剧在观察期中途改变玩耍环境所导致的社会行为紊乱。在社会测试组中存在对照猴子，可降低铅诱导的社会行为变化的程度。与出生后每日接触铅不同，孕期慢性接触铅对出生后的社会发展没有可测量的影响，而急性、短暂的出生后铅暴露（在出生后第2个月使血铅水平>200微克/分升）仅影响猴子对环境变化的反应。这些数据表明，是每日摄入铅，而非先前获得的组织负担，导致了所观察到的社会发展的长期变化。研究结果在灵长类动物社会发展的总体背景下进行了讨论，灵长类动物社会发展被认为需要足够的互动玩耍，以实现成熟时适当的社会融合和生殖行为。
