Activities of polyomavirus large-T-antigen proteins expressed by mutant genes.

We constructed a set of polyomavirus mutants with alterations in the DNA sequences encoding large T-antigen. The mutant genomes were cloned and propagated as recombinants of plasmid pBR322, and the presence of the mutations was confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis. To facilitate the analysis of defects in the function of large T-antigen, the dl1061 deletion was introduced into the mutant genomes. This deletion restricts the early gene expression to the synthesis of large T-antigen (Nilsson and Magnusson, EMBO J. 2:2095-2101, 1983). The mutant large T-antigens were identified after radioactive labeling. Their functional characterization was based on analysis of DNA binding, activity in the replication of viral DNA, and cellular localization. The native large T-antigen, which is 785 amino acid residues long, binds specifically to the regulatory region of polyomavirus DNA. This binding was significantly reduced by the deletion of amino acid residues 136 to 260. Nevertheless, this mutant large T-antigen was active in the initiation of viral DNA replication. Conversely, all of the mutants in this study that produced large T-antigens with alterations in the carboxy-terminal 146 amino acid residues had normal DNA-binding properties. However, these mutants were inactive in viral DNA synthesis and also inhibited the replication of wild-type DNA in cotransfected cells. The analysis of mutant dl2208 (Nilsson et al., J. Virol. 46:284-287, 1983) led to unexpected results. Its large T-antigen, missing amino acid residues 191 to 209, was overproduced. Although the protein had normal DNA-binding properties, it was not entering the cell nucleus normally. Furthermore, the dl2208 DNA replication was extremely low in the absence of small and middle T-antigens but was normal in the presence of these proteins.