Hamels J
J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 1977 Dec;6(8):1061-9.
Three cases of actinomycosis are reported. In two of these three patients, both of whom had worn an intra-uterine device for several years, the actinomycosis probably followed secondary to previous appendicitis. In the third case, however, it was primary and directly linked to the presence of the I.U.D. From these observations and from studying the literature, this type of infection should be suspected in any women wearing an I.U.D. who has a tubo-ovarian abscess.