Gathmann H A
Acta Med Austriaca. 1977;4(4-9):152-6.
Malformations of different parts of the cartilage results in achondrogenesis II, thanatophoric dwarfism and in metatropic dwarfism. Whether the base of the skull or the cranial-distal skeleton are affected, both together or separately, depends upon the localization of the defect within the cartilage. The different types of the cloverleaf syndrome are characterised by a defect of vessels and cartilage that affect the chondrocranium and the cranial-distal skeleton in different grades. The mal-development of the vessel-system is particularly marked in the upper back of the calotte.
软骨不同部位的畸形会导致II型软骨发育不全、致死性侏儒症和间向性侏儒症。颅骨底部或颅-远端骨骼是否受到影响，是两者一起还是分别受到影响，取决于软骨内缺陷的位置。不同类型的三叶形综合征的特征是血管和软骨缺陷，这些缺陷以不同程度影响软骨颅和颅-远端骨骼。血管系统的发育不良在颅盖的上背部尤为明显。
