Intracellular recordings have been made from neurons in the central nervous system of the horse-shoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. Neurons possess resting potentials between -40 and -60 mV, with action potentials ranging from 2-3 mV up to 60 mV in amplitude. Neurons also have excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. 2. All the neurons studied are inhibited by GABA and excited by cholinomimetics. The GABA response is chloride mediated and reversibly antagonised by picrotoxinin but not by bicuculline or bicuculline methochloride or methoiodide. The cholinergic response is nicotinic and blocked by pentolinium, hexamethonium, chlorisondamine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine. 3. L-Glutamate can excite some cells, inhibit others and have a biphasic action, inhibition followed by excitation, on other cells. The inhibitory effect is chloride mediated and blocked by picrotoxinin. Ibotenate mimics the action of glutamate both in terms of inhibition and excitation but kainate and quisqualate only mimic the excitatory action of L-glutamate. 4. Dopamine, octopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine excite some neurons while inhibiting others or have a biphasic action. Dopamine and octopamine normally have different effects on the same cell, suggesting they act via different receptors. Octopamine shows stereospecificity for the (-) isomer which is more than 100 times more active than the (+) isomer and octopamine is reversibly antagonised by phentolamine and cyproheptadine. 5. Proctolin has an excitatory action on these neurons and this effect is long lasting and can be potentiated by dibutyl cyclic AMP. 6. The pharmacology of Limulus central neurons is compared to the pharmacology of insect and crustacean central neurons. It is concluded that GABA and acetylcholine are central transmitters throughout the arthropods. It is also probable that L-glutamate and octopamine have a physiological role in the arthropod central nervous system. Proctolin appears to modify neuronal and muscle activity in the arthropods and has a modulatory or transmitter function.
