The effects of parabiotic twinning of susceptible and refractory mosquitoes on the development of Plasmodium gallinaceum.

Two species of mosquitoes were joined parabiotically with glass capillaries so as to share common hemolymph. In experiments designed to determine optimum physical factors was found that capillaries of 2.5 mm in length, 100 microns OD and with pointed ends were tolerated best by mosquitoes and permitted optimum hemolymph transfer. Maximum survival of mosquitoes was noted when capillaries were inserted in the post mesospiracular membranous area, in the largest mosquito first and allowed to fill with hemolymph prior to inserting in the second mosquito. Mosquitoes having blood meals prior to twinning retained capillaries best. Use of CO2 anesthetization and a 30-min holding period while anesthetized contributed to greater survival and union of the mosquitoes. In the principal experiments, designed to study the nature of innate immunity of Culex pipiens to Plasmodium gallinaceum, 243 of 2,126 parabiotic twins of C. pipiens and infected Aedes aegypti survived to be evaluated. None of the C. pipiens became infected and only four A. aegypti remained infected. The controls were 93 to 95% infected. It was concluded that the refractory species possessed substances that were toxic to the parasites and prevented parasite development in both species. If there was a lack of essential substances (that could not be transferred) in the refractory C. pipiens they could have been provided by the highly susceptible A. aegypti and both species would have become infected. Innate immunity is therefore antiblastic not atreptic.