Christensen C M
J Dairy Sci. 1982 Nov;65(11):2189-93. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82481-8.
Insects such as stable flies, house flies, horn flies, face flies, mosquitoes, horse flies, deer flies, cattle grubs, and lice as well as ticks and mites are the major external parasites of dairy animals in the United States. These pests cause obvious discomfort to livestock and economic effects of heavy populations usually are discerned easily. However, research efforts to date have failed to establish reproducible losses caused by specific ectoparasites. Research efforts involving a multidisciplinary systems approach are necessary to provide the data needed to develop total dairy management programs.
在美国，厩螫蝇、家蝇、角蝇、面蝇、蚊子、马蝇、鹿蝇、牛蝇蛆和虱子以及蜱虫和螨类等昆虫是奶牛的主要体外寄生虫。这些害虫给牲畜带来明显不适，大量害虫造成的经济影响通常很容易察觉。然而，迄今为止的研究未能确定由特定体外寄生虫造成的可重复损失。需要开展涉及多学科系统方法的研究工作，以提供制定全面奶牛管理计划所需的数据。
