Calle P P, Montali R J, Janssen D L, Stoskopf M K, Strandberg J D
J Wildl Dis. 1982 Oct;18(4):473-9. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-18.4.473.
The necropsy files of the National Zoological Park and Baltimore Zoological Society were reviewed for cases of distal extremity necrosis (DEN) in birds. Nineteen cases of DEN occurred following either trauma or frostbite. Six birds developed an apparently primary type of DEN in which no predisposing factors were obvious clinically. The toes and feet were most commonly involved, and in several cases the beak was also affected. Some pathologic evidence is provided that certain cardiovascular lesions may predispose birds to DEN by compromising circulation of the extremities.
查阅了国家动物园和巴尔的摩动物学会的尸检档案，以查找鸟类肢体远端坏死（DEN）的病例。19例DEN病例是由外伤或冻伤引起的。6只鸟出现了一种明显的原发性DEN，临床上没有明显的诱发因素。脚趾和足部最常受累，在一些病例中喙也受到影响。提供了一些病理证据，表明某些心血管病变可能通过损害肢体循环使鸟类易患DEN。
