Elde R, Seybold V, Sorenson R L, Cummings S, Holets V, Onstott D, Sasek C, Schmechel D E, Oertel W H
Peptides. 1984;5 Suppl 1:101-7. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(84)90269-9.
Neuropeptides are found in dense networks of neuronal perikarya, fibers and terminals within numerous brain regions. Among the more striking of these collections are sites within the central nervous system that are presumed to regulate either endocrine or autonomic function. A recent example of a neuropeptide which is likely to play a significant role in endocrine regulation is cortocotropin releasing factor (CRF). Immunohistochemical studies revealed that CRF immunoreactivity was found in many brain regions, including the paraventriculo-infundibular pathway. CRF released from nerve terminals belonging to this pathway presumably regulates ACTH release. Treatment of rats with reserpine depletes CRF as well as vasopressin from the external layer of the median eminence, suggesting tonic, monoaminergic inhibition of CRF and vasopressin containing neurons. CRF antisera were found which stain urotensin I immunoreactivity within the caudal neurosecretory system of fish. Numerous putative neurotransmitters impinge upon preganglionic sympathetic neurons within the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons which innervate the adrenal medulla appear to have a specific input from somatostatin immunoreactive fibers. In addition, binding sites for serotonin and alpha-2 adrenergic ligands are more highly concentrated over sympathoadrenal neurons. Finally, the pancreatic islet contains peptide producing endocrine cells which possess several neuron-like properties. Some of these properties are reviewed, especially the finding that the insulin producing cells contain glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity, the biosynthetic enzyme for GABA. Further studies revealed that GABA agonists inhibit somatostatin release from islet cells.
神经肽存在于众多脑区的神经元胞体、纤维和终末的密集网络中。这些聚集区域中较为显著的是中枢神经系统中被认为调节内分泌或自主功能的部位。促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（CRF）是一种最近发现的可能在内分泌调节中起重要作用的神经肽。免疫组织化学研究表明，在包括室旁 - 漏斗途径在内的许多脑区都发现了CRF免疫反应性。来自该途径神经终末释放的CRF可能调节促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）的释放。用利血平处理大鼠会使正中隆起外层的CRF以及血管加压素耗竭，这表明存在对含CRF和血管加压素神经元的紧张性单胺能抑制。发现CRF抗血清可在鱼类尾神经分泌系统中标记尿紧张素I免疫反应性。许多假定的神经递质作用于脊髓中间外侧细胞柱内的节前交感神经元。支配肾上腺髓质的节前交感神经元似乎有来自生长抑素免疫反应性纤维的特定输入。此外，5-羟色胺和α-2肾上腺素能配体的结合位点在交感 - 肾上腺神经元上高度集中。最后，胰岛含有具有几种神经元样特性的产生肽的内分泌细胞。本文综述了其中一些特性，特别是发现产生胰岛素的细胞含有谷氨酸脱羧酶免疫反应性，这是γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的生物合成酶。进一步研究表明，GABA激动剂可抑制胰岛细胞释放生长抑素。
