Percutaneous forceps extraction of retained biliary tract calculi.

The experience of the authors with postoperative extraction of retained biliary calculi in 35 cases is presented. Successful removal of the stones was achieved in all patients without any significant complication. The advantage of the Mazzariello-type metal forceps as compared to the Burhenne method is emphasized and illustrative examples are presented. Specific guidelines for a successful application of various techniques of stone extraction are provided.