Boyd E S, Boyd E H, Brown L E
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1980 Jul;49(1-2):66-80. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(80)90353-3.
Typical M-waves and CNVs were produced in squirrel monkey frontal and rostral parietal cortex by light cues, as well as by tone cues. With light cues, M-waves were about 50% as large as with tone cues, whereas CNVs were of about the same magnitude with either type of cue. Typical M-waves and CNVs were also produced when avoidance of tail-shock was substituted for food as a reinforcer. The magnitude of both ERPs appeared to follow an inverted-U function with increasing shock intensity. The use of tail-shock as a reinforcer generated more complexities both in ERP changes and in behavior than did food. In some animals, at high shock intensities, ERP increased, rather than decreased, as each session progressed. In some animals, a combination of food and avoidance of tail-shock produced a decrease, rathan than an increase, in ERPs and did not improve behavioral performance. Furthermore, animals would not perform effectively on a CNV paradigm with punishment for aborting the trial. It was also demonstrated that increased stress (immobilization of head or tail) resulted in a reduced magnitude of both the M-wave and the CNV. This may account for some of the complexities encountered with avoidance of tail-shock as a reinforcer.
在松鼠猴的额叶和顶叶前部皮质中，光信号以及音调信号都能产生典型的M波和关联性负变（CNV）。对于光信号，M波的大小约为音调信号时的50%，而无论哪种信号类型，CNV的幅度大致相同。当用避免尾部电击替代食物作为强化物时，也能产生典型的M波和CNV。随着电击强度的增加，两种事件相关电位（ERP）的幅度似乎都呈现倒U形函数变化。与食物相比，使用尾部电击作为强化物在ERP变化和行为方面产生了更多的复杂性。在一些动物中，在高电击强度下，随着每次实验的进行，ERP会增加而非减少。在一些动物中，食物和避免尾部电击的组合导致ERP减少而非增加，并且没有改善行为表现。此外，动物在对中止实验进行惩罚的CNV范式中无法有效表现。研究还表明，压力增加（头部或尾部固定）会导致M波和CNV的幅度减小。这可能解释了以避免尾部电击作为强化物时遇到的一些复杂性。
