Neuropeptides in the thyroid gland: distribution of substance P and gastrin/cholecystokinin and their effects on the secretion of iodothyronine and calcitonin.

Previously, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was localized to intrathyroidal nerve fibers. It stimulates iodothyronine secretion in mice. In the present study two populations of nerve fibers containing substance P and gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK)-like immunoreactivity, respectively, were demonstrated in the thyroid gland of several mammals. The substance P fibers occurred around blood vessels and follicles, whereas the gastrin/CCK fibers occurred mainly around follicles. In the chicken thyroid and ultimobranchial glands only substance P-containing fibers could be demonstrated. Such fibers were particularly numerous in the ultimobranchial gland. CCK-4, CCK-8, and substance P did not increase thyronine secretion measured as release of radioiodine into the circulation of mice pretreated with Na125I and T4. The TSH-induced release of radioiodine was also unaffected. Calcitonin secretion in rats was stimulated by CCK-4, CCK-8, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.