Thymidine nucleotide synthesis and catabolism by CHO cells and their changes during the cell cycle.

At 0 degrees C, CHO cells efficiently incorporated [3H]thymidine into the nucleotide fraction, but not into DNA. Upon reincubation of asynchronous cultures at 37 degrees C, 15-25% of the radioactivity contained in the cellular nucleotide fraction was released, in the form of thymidine, into the culture medium. At 0 degrees C, however, radioactivity of the nucleotide fraction was retained within the cells. Similarly, dTMP phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.35) in cell extracts was active at 37 degrees C, but not at 0 degrees C, whereas thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) was active at both temperatures. If synchronous cultures in Gl phase were prelabeled at 0 degrees C and reincubated at 37 degrees C, almost all radioactivity in the nucleotide fraction was released into the medium, whereas in S-phase cultures nearly all radioactivity of the nucleotide fraction was incorporated into DNA. In synchronous S-phase cultures treated with hydroxyurea, radioactivity in the nucleotide fraction was released into the medium at a rate considerably lower than that observed for Gl-phase cells. Rates of endogenous synthesis of thymidine nucleotides were calculated from changes of cellular thymidine nucleotide content, incorporation of thymidine nucleotides into DNA and release of thymidine into the medium during reincubation of prelabeled cultures in thymidine-free medium. The results obtained (see Table III) reveal marked differences between Gl and S phases with respect to the determinants of thymidine nucleotide metabolism.