Functional roles of monoaminergic pathways to sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

Despite considerable progress in mapping the central monoaminergic pathways to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, the respective functional roles of these pathways have not been resolved. Evidence for both excitation and inhibition has been advanced for each of the three monoamines, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Our previous studies on spinal sympathetic pathways to sympathetic preganglionic neurons support the prevailing opinion that serotonin pathways are inhibitory but did not satisfactorily resolve the functional role of the norepinephrine pathways. However, more recent studies showing that intraspinally evoked sympathetic discharges were rapidly and markedly enhanced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors and that this effect was prevented by clonidine have led to formulation of a coherent hypothesis which accommodates much of the conflicting evidence regarding norepinephrine. In addition, evidence for the role of the epinephrine pathways has been obtained by using a selective inhibitor of epinephrine synthesis. The results of these recent studies complement our previous results and suggest that the excitability of sympathetic preganglionic neurons is regulated by excitatory norepinephrine pathways and inhibitory epinephrine pathways that activate or suppress adenylate cyclase to control intraneuronal levels of cyclic AMP.