Bartels O, Junge O, Topf G
Fortschr Med. 1978 Mar 30;96(12):653-60.
Shock is to define by clinical symptoms, measurable haemodynamic and metabolic changes, clotting failure and disorders of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is essential to remove hypovolemia, acidosis, cardiovascular failure, pulmonary and renal insufficiency. Quite a lot of proved and controversial pharmacological substances are placed at physician's disposal. However, the mortality of cardiogenic shock and gram-negative septic shock is more than 80% respectively 30%, often caused by shock lung or irreversible injury to the kidneys. Shock due to depletion of extracellular fluid, poisoning and acute pancreatitis require specific treatment.
休克可通过临床症状、可测量的血流动力学和代谢变化、凝血功能衰竭以及液体、电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱来定义。消除血容量不足、酸中毒、心血管衰竭、肺和肾功能不全至关重要。有许多已证实和有争议的药物可供医生使用。然而，心源性休克和革兰氏阴性菌败血症休克的死亡率分别超过80%和30%，通常是由休克肺或肾脏不可逆损伤引起的。因细胞外液耗竭、中毒和急性胰腺炎导致的休克需要特殊治疗。
