Middle lobe syndrome.

A review of the major literature dealing with the middle lobe syndrome shows that benign inflammatory disease is the most common etiological factor (62%), with bronchiectasis responsible for at least a quarter of the patients in these series. Early workers indicated that carcinoma rarely originates in the right middle lobe; however, 22% of patients reviewed had malignant tumors as a cause of the syndrome. The original view that bronchial compression was the pathophysiological abnormality leading to development of the syndrome has been rejected by more recent authors. The focus has now turned to the relative isolation of the middle lobe, especially when a complete minor fissure is present. This isolation prevents the aerating effects of collateral ventilation of the upper lobe from reaching the middle lobe and thus impairs the clearing of secretions from the middle lobe bronchus. Bronchoscopy and bronchography are vital in the rational approach to this syndrome. Severe stenosis of the bronchus or tumor can be seen endoscopically in about 40% of patients, and bronchography will demonstrate an anatomical abnormality more than 70% of the time. Both the surgical and the medical approaches to therapy have been endorsed strongly by various authors in the 30 years since the syndrome was described. It now appears that bronchoscopy and, if need be, bronchography should be undertaken to rule out an endobronchial lesion. Timing of these studies will depend on the patient's age, with early examination advocated for the older patient at high risk for lung cancer. If there is reasonable evidence that the process is benign, medical management should be attempted. Lobectomy is performed if malignancy is suspected or if medical therapy fails.