Middle lobe syndrome: diagnosis and management.

Ninety-eight patients with middle lobe syndrome were reviewed. There were 31 male and 67 female patients ranging in age from 4 to 80 years. The most common presenting symptoms were cough, dyspnea, fever, hemoptysis, and chest pain. Diagnostic studies included chest roentgenogram, bronchoscopy, and bronchography. Sixty-five patients had full recovery following intensive medical therapy. Thirty-one patients underwent surgical resection for persistent disease. There were five post-operative complications and 1 death in this series.