Conceptual issues in the assessment of clinical pain.

A number of approaches to the clinical assessment of pain are examined. Emphasis is placed on the importance of matching assessment procedures with specific research or referral questions being addressed. The importance of a comprehensive approach in which cognitive, affective, and behavioral, as well as sensory-physiological dimensions are assessed is discussed drawing on three case examples. Methodological and conceptual issues of pain assessment are examined and guidelines for comprehensive pain assessment are offered.